Mari Armstrong-Hough
Mari Armstrong-Hough
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Associate Professor of Social & Behavioral Sciences and Epidemiology
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Professional overview
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Dr. Mari Armstrong-Hough is Associate Professor in the Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences and in the Department of Epidemiology. She is a medical sociologist and epidemiologist of respiratory disease.
Dr. Armstrong-Hough’s global health research examines the epidemiologic interfaces among tuberculosis (TB), HIV, and non-communicable diseases. Combining training in epidemiology and sociology, her work develops and evaluates interventions to increase early case-finding, status awareness, and linkage to care in high-burden settings like Uganda and South Africa. She has published on predictors of evaluation for TB among high-risk groups, novel approaches to active case-finding for TB and HIV, the ways that providers and patients imagine and communicate risk for respiratory infection, and the availability of essential medicines in settings with double burdens of infectious and non-communicable disease. Her first book, Biomedicalization and the Practice of Culture: Globalization and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States and Japan (University of North Carolina Press, 2018), examined how the practice and experience of global evidence-based medicine is shaped by local cultural repertoires. Her recent work has appeared in the Journal of AIDS, International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, and the The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. She also co-directs the NIH-funded Mixed-Methods Fellowship of the Pulmonary Complications of AIDS Research Training Program at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. She is PI of a prospective cohort study of patients initiating treatment for pulmonary TB in Uganda and a co-investigator on NIH-funded studies of contact tracing for TB.
Dr. Armstrong-Hough’s US-based research examines racial and ethnic disparities in survival of respiratory failure and seeks to develop interventions to ensure that all patients with respiratory failure receive evidence-based care. Approximately 750,000 Americans die each year from respiratory failure, and its 2.5 million survivors experience poor physical function and quality of life persisting five years after discharge. Minority patients are significantly less likely to survive respiratory failure, with up to twice the odds of death as non-Hispanic White patients. Dr. Armstrong-Hough co-PIs the Promoting Equity via Changes In Practice for Respiratory Failure (PRECIPICE) studies, which use large-scale, multicenter data from US ICUs to identify care processes associated with inequities in survival and long-term outcomes. Early work related to these studies has been accepted to Annals of the American Thoracic Society.
Before coming to NYU, Dr. Armstrong-Hough was an Associate Research Scientist in Epidemiology in the Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases at Yale School of Public Health. She previously taught at Davidson College, Meiji University in Tokyo, and Duke University. She has conducted fieldwork in the United States, Japan, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Nepal and is a recipient of the Robert E. Leet and Clara Guthrie Patterson Trust Mentored Research Award in Clinical, Health Services and Policy Research.
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Education
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BA, Sociology, History, and Political Science, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMA, East Asian Studies, Duke UniversityPhD, Sociology, Duke UniversityPostdoctoral MPH, Applied Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yale
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Publications
Publications
Adaptation and validation of perceived HIV and TB stigma scales among persons with TB
AbstractPonticiello, M. N., Nanziri, L. M., Hennein, R., Ochom, E., Gupta, A. J., Turimumahoro, P., White, M. A., Armstrong-Hough, M., Katamba, A., Davis, J. L., & Davis, J. L. (n.d.).Publication year
2025Journal title
International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung DiseaseVolume
29Issue
3Page(s)
127-134AbstractB A C K G R O U N D: Stigma is a barrier to care for people affected by TB and HIV in Uganda, where these conditions remain endemic. While scales have been adapted and validated to measure stigma among TB-affected households in Uganda, there is a need for scales that measure the experiences of persons with TB (PWTB). M E T H O D S: We adapted the Van Rie 12-item individual perspectives TB scale and 10-item individual perspectives HIV scale for use in Uganda through cross-cultural discussions with a multidisciplinary research team and four cognitive interviews with community health workers and PWTB. We then conducted a cross-sectional study administering each scale to 125 PWTB. We performed exploratory factor analysis, evaluated internal validity, and assessed convergent validity with perceived social support. R E S U L T S: Exploratory factor analysis yielded a one-factor solution for both scales, with marginal model fit (standardised root mean square residual ¼ 0.09 for TB, ¼ 0.07 for HIV). There was evidence of convergent validity through a positive correlation of the TB (r ¼ 0.22, p ¼ 0.01) and HIV stigma (r ¼ 0.22, p ¼ 0.01) scales with perceived social support. Both scales had good internal validity (Cronbach’s a ¼ 0.86 for TB, ¼ 0.87 for HIV). C O N C L U S I O N: Adapted scales to measure perceived HIV and TB stigma among PWTB in Uganda demonstrated promising psychometric properties by removing one and two items, respectively.Communication attributes modify the anxiety risk associated with problematic social media use: Evidence from a prospective diary method study
AbstractAllen Weng, C., Bulgin, J., Diaz, S., Zhang, J., Tan, R., Li, L., & Armstrong-Hough, M. (n.d.).Publication year
2025Journal title
Addictive BehaviorsVolume
166AbstractPurpose: Social media use in younger people has shown mixed associations with mental health. We hypothesized that communication types during social media use might alter the relationship between problematic social media use (PSMU) and anxiety over time. We aimed to identify how four dimensions of communication influence the link between PSMU and anxiety. Methods: We recruited a cohort of undergraduate students aged 18–26 to participate in daily surveys over two weeks using a diary method to assess daily social media use, PSMU, anxiety symptoms, and the four dimensions of communication: Consumption, Broadness, Online Exclusivity, and Parasociality. Lagged logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations evaluated the influence of daily PSMU and communication type on subsequent anxiety levels. Results: Out of 79 participants, 1009 daily records were analyzed. PSMU positively correlated with anxiety (Kendall rank correlation τ = 0.30). Interaction analysis indicated that levels of parasociality and consumption moderated the association between PSMU components and anxiety outcomes. In young adults with high levels of consumption or parasociality, a 1-standard-deviation rise in PSMU's social conflict component led to an 11 %-13 % increase in next-day anxiety scores. This association was absent for those with low to moderate levels of parasociality and consumption. Discussion: Elevated levels of passive consumption and one-sided interactions amplify the anxiety risk associated with PSMU. Further longitudinal evidence can elucidate the connections between communication types, social media exposure, and anxiety, guiding the development of a model for healthy social media use.Representation of Hispanic Patients in Clinical Trials for Respiratory Failure: A Systematic Review
AbstractHarlan, E. A., Malley, K., Quiroga, G., Mubarak, E., Lama, P., Schutz, A., Cuevas, A., Hough, C. L., Iwashyna, T. J., Armstrong-Hough, M., & Valley, T. S. (n.d.).Publication year
2025Journal title
Critical Care ExplorationsVolume
7Issue
1Page(s)
e1193AbstractOBJECTIVES: Hispanic individuals comprise one-fifth of the U.S. population and Hispanic patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) experience higher odds of death compared with non-Hispanic White patients. Representation of Hispanic patients in clinical trials for respiratory failure is critical to address this inequity. We conducted a systematic review to examine the inclusion of Hispanic patients in randomized controlled trials for AHRF and assessed language as a potential barrier to enrollment. DATA SOURCES: National Library of Medicine PubMed, Elsevier Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases through January 2024. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials assessing AHRF interventions enrolling U.S. patients receiving mechanical ventilation, noninvasive mechanical ventilation, or high-flow nasal cannula were included. The systematic review was registered prospectively through PROSPERO (CRD42023437828). DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently screened studies and extracted data for each included study. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ninety-four trials published from 1975 to 2023 were included; 33.0% (n = 31) of studies reported ethnicity, and 11.2% of participants in studies reporting race or ethnicity (1,320/11,780) were identified as Hispanic. The proportion of Hispanic-identified participants was significantly lower than the U.S. Hispanic population from 1996 to 2019 (p < 0.01). Starting in 2020, the proportion of Hispanic-identified participants was significantly higher than the U.S. population (27.8% vs. 19.1%; p < 0.01). Two studies (4.9%) reporting race or ethnicity excluded non-English speaking participants; the remainder did not specify language requirements for enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: Hispanic-identified individuals were underrepresented in trials for AHRF until 2020 when Hispanic patient representation increased during COVID-19. Exclusion of participants who do not speak English may represent a barrier to trial enrollment.An adapted scale to measure perceived TB and HIV stigma during household contact investigation
AbstractArmstrong-Hough, M., Shelby, T., Ggita, J., Nangendo, J., Gupta, A. J., Davis, J. L., & Katamba, A. (n.d.).Publication year
2024Journal title
International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung DiseaseVolume
28Issue
9Page(s)
433-438AbstractBACKGROUND: Measuring stigma for TB and HIV in households undergoing contact investigation for TB is critical for understanding its impacts on health behaviours and identifying opportunities for intervention. However, standardised measurements for TB-HIV stigma in household contact investigations are limited. METHODS: We adapted and validated a household stigma scale in Uganda. This involved field testing measures from another setting with 163 household contacts of newly diagnosed TB patients, conducting cognitive interviews with seven household contacts, adapting scale items using cognitive interview data, and retesting the adapted scales in a random sample of 60 contacts. We assessed inter-item covariance and performed factor analysis to select the final scale items. RESULTS: In whole-scale factor analysis, no cross-loading of items with scores ≥0.32 was found after the elimination of items based on covariance and symmetry. All TB items were loaded onto a single factor with scores ≥0.5, and all but one HIV item was loaded onto a second factor with scores ≥0.5. The final subscale internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was 0.92 for TB and 0.89 for HIV. CONCLUSIONS: The adapted TB-HIV stigma scale demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties and is substantially shorter and easier to administer than previous scales, making it suitable for programmatic research and evaluation.Depression and associated factors among HIV-positive smokers receiving care at HIV outpatient clinics in Vietnam: A cross-sectional analysis
AbstractNguyen, N. T., Nguyen, T., Vu, G. V., Truong, N., Pham, Y., Guevara Alvarez, G., Armstrong-Hough, M., & Shelley, D. (n.d.).Publication year
2024Journal title
BMJ openVolume
14Issue
2AbstractObjectives To assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among people living with HIV (PLWH) who were current cigarette smokers and receiving treatment at HIV outpatient clinics (OPCs) in Vietnam. Design A cross-sectional survey of smokers living with HIV. Setting The study was carried out in 13 HIV OPCs located in Ha Noi, Vietnam. Participants The study included 527 PLWH aged 18 and above who were smokers and were receiving treatment at HIV OPCs. Outcome measures The study used the Centre for Epidemiology Scale for Depression to assess depressive symptoms. The associations between depressive symptoms, tobacco dependence and other characteristics were explored using bivariate and Poisson regression analyses. Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms among smokers living with HIV was 38.3%. HIV-positive smokers who were female (prevalence ratio, PR 1.51, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.22), unmarried (PR 2.06, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.76), had a higher level of tobacco dependence (PR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.11) and reported their health as fair or poor (PR 1.66, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.26) were more likely to have depression symptoms compared with HIV-positive smokers who were male, married, had a lower level of tobacco dependence and self-reported their health as good, very good or excellent. Conclusion The prevalence of depressive symptoms among smokers receiving HIV care at HIV OPCs was high. Both depression and tobacco use screening and treatment should be included as part of ongoing care treatment plans at HIV OPCs.Ethnic Disparities in Deep Sedation of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the United States Secondary Analysis of a Multicenter Randomized Trial
Failed generating bibliography.AbstractPublication year
2024Journal title
Annals of the American Thoracic SocietyVolume
21Issue
4Page(s)
620-626AbstractRationale: Patients identified as Hispanic, the largest minority group in the United States, are more likely to die from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) than non-Hispanic patients. Mechanisms to explain this disparity remain unidentified. However, Hispanic patients may be at risk of overexposure to deep sedation because of language differences between patients and clinicians, and deep sedation is associated with higher ARDS mortality. Objective: We examined associations between Hispanic ethnicity and exposure to deep sedation among patients with ARDS. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted of patients enrolled in the control arm of a randomized trial of neuromuscular blockade for ARDS across 48 U.S. hospitals. Exposure to deep sedation was measured over the first 5 days that a patient was alive and received mechanical ventilation. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to evaluate associations between Hispanic ethnicity and exposure to deep sedation, controlling for patient characteristics. Results: Patients identified as Hispanic had approximately five times the odds of deep sedation (odds ratio, 4.98; 95% confidence interval, 2.02–12.28; P, 0.0001) on a given day, compared with non-Hispanic White patients. Hospitals with at least one enrolled Hispanic patient kept all enrolled patients deeply sedated longer than hospitals without any enrolled Hispanic patients (85.8% of ventilator-days vs. 65.5%; P, 0.001). Conclusions: Hispanic patients are at higher risk of exposure to deep sedation than non-Hispanic White patients. There is an urgent need to understand and address disparities in sedation delivery.Factors associated with retention in Quitline counseling for smoking cessation among HIV-positive smokers receiving care at HIV outpatient clinics in Vietnam
AbstractNguyen, N. T., Nguyen, T., Van Vu, G., Cleland, C. M., Pham, Y., Truong, N., Kapur, R., Alvarez, G. G., Phan, P. T., Armstrong-Hough, M., & Shelley, D. (n.d.).Publication year
2024Journal title
PloS oneVolume
19Issue
12AbstractBackground Quitline counseling is an effective method for supporting smoking cessation, offering personalized and accessible assistance. Tobacco use is a significant public health issue among people living with HIV. In Vietnam, over 50% of men living with HIV use tobacco. However, there is limited research on Quitline use and retention rates in this population and a lack of research on factors associated with retention in Quitline counseling. The study aims to evaluate the factors associated with retention in Quitline counseling for smoking cessation among HIV-positive smokers receiving care at HIV outpatient clinics in Vietnam. Method The study analyzed data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that compared the effectiveness of three smoking cessation interventions for smokers living with HIV at 13 Outpatient Clinics in Ha Noi. A total of 221 smokers aged 18 and above living with HIV participated in Arm 1 of the RCT, which included screening for tobacco use (Ask), health worker-delivered brief counseling (Assist), and proactive referral to Vietnam’s national Quitline (AAR), in which the Quitline reached out to the patient to engage them in up to 10 sessions of smoking cessation counseling. Retention in Quitline counseling was defined as participating in more than five counseling calls. The study used bivariate and logistic regression analyses to explore the associations between retention and other factors. Results Fifty-one percent of HIV-positive smokers completed more than five counseling sessions. Smokers living with HIV aged 35 or older (OR = 5.53, 95% CI 1.42–21.52), who had a very low/low tobacco dependence level (OR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.14–4.51), had a lower score of perceived importance of quitting cigarettes (OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.76–0.99), had a household ban or partial ban on cigarettes smoking (OR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.39–4.80), and had chosen a quit date during the Quitline counseling (OR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.63–5.53) were more likely to retain in the Quitline counseling than those smokers living with HIV whose ages were less than 35, who had a high/very high tobacco dependence level, had a higher score of perception of the importance of quitting cigarettes, did not have a household ban on cigarettes smoking, and did not choose a quit date during counseling. Conclusion There is a high retention rate in Quitline counseling services among PLWHs receiving care at HIV outpatient clinics. Tailoring interventions to the associated factors such as age, tobacco dependence, perceived importance of quitting, household smoking bans, and setting a quit date during counseling may improve engagement and outcomes, aiding in the reduction of smoking prevalence among HIV-positive individuals.A user-centred implementation strategy for tuberculosis contact investigation in Uganda: protocol for a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised trial
AbstractKatamba, A., Gupta, A. J., Turimumahoro, P., Ochom, E., Ggita, J. M., Nakasendwa, S., Nanziri, L., Musinguzi, J., Hennein, R., Sekadde, M., Hanrahan, C., Byaruhanga, R., Yoeli, E., Turyahabwe, S., Cattamanchi, A., Dowdy, D. W., Haberer, J. E., Armstrong-Hough, M., Kiwanuka, N., & Davis, J. L. (n.d.).Publication year
2023Journal title
BMC public healthVolume
23Issue
1AbstractBackground: Tuberculosis(TB) is among the leading causes of infectious death worldwide. Contact investigation is an evidence-based, World Health Organisation-endorsed intervention for timely TB diagnosis, treatment, and prevention but has not been widely and effectively implemented. Methods: We are conducting a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised, hybrid Type III implementation-effectiveness trial comparing a user-centred to a standard strategy for implementing TB contact investigation in 12 healthcare facilities in Uganda. The user-centred strategy consists of several client-focused components including (1) a TB-education booklet, (2) a contact-identification algorithm, (3) an instructional sputum-collection video, and (4) a community-health-rider service to transport clients, CHWs, and sputum samples, along with several healthcare-worker-focused components, including (1) collaborative improvement meetings, (2) regular audit-and-feedback reports, and (3) a digital group-chat application designed to develop a community of practice. Sites will cross-over from the standard to the user-centred strategy in six, eight-week transition steps following a randomly determined site-pairing scheme and timeline. The primary implementation outcome is the proportion of symptomatic close contacts completing TB evaluation within 60 days of TB treatment initiation by the index person with TB. The primary clinical effectiveness outcomes are the proportion of contacts diagnosed with and initiating active TB disease treatment and the proportion initiating TB preventative therapy within 60 days. We will assess outcomes from routine source documents using intention-to-treat analyses. We will also conduct nested mixed-methods studies of implementation fidelity and context and perform cost-effectiveness and impact modelling. The Makerere School of Public Health IRB(#554), the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology(#HS1720ES), and the Yale Institutional Review Board(#2000023199) approved the study and waived informed consent for the main trial implementation-effectiveness outcomes. We will submit results for publication in peer-reviewed journals and disseminate findings to local policymakers and representatives of affected communities. Discussion: This pragmatic, quasi-experimental implementation trial will inform efforts to find and prevent undiagnosed persons with TB in high-burden settings using contact investigation. It will also help assess the suitability of human-centred design and communities of practice for tailoring implementation strategies and sustaining evidence-based interventions in low-and-middle-income countries. Trial registration: The trial was registered(ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT05640648) on 16 November 2022, after the trial launch on 7 March 2022.Associations among past trauma, post-displacement stressors, and mental health outcomes in Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: A secondary cross-sectional analysis
AbstractRitsema, H., & Armstrong-Hough, M. (n.d.).Publication year
2023Journal title
Frontiers in Public HealthVolume
10AbstractObjective: The Rohingya endured intense trauma in Myanmar and continue to experience trauma related to displacement in Bangladesh. We aimed to evaluate the association of post-displacement stressors with mental health outcomes, adjusting for previously experienced trauma, in the Rohingya refugee population in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Methods: We analyzed data from the Cox's Bazar Panel Survey, a cross sectional survey consisting of 5,020 household interviews and 9,386 individual interviews completed in 2019. Using logistic regression, we tested the association between post-displacement stressors such as current exposure to crime and conflict and two mental health outcomes: depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In adjusted analyses, we controlled for past trauma, employment status, receiving an income, food security, and access to healthcare and stratified by gender. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 30.0% (n = 1,357) and PTSD 4.9% (n = 218). Most (87.1%, n = 3,938) reported experiencing at least one traumatic event. Multiple post-displacement stressors, such as current exposure to crime and conflict (for men: OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.52–3.28, p < 0.001; for women: OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.44–2.56, p < 0.001), were associated with higher odds of depressive symptoms in multivariable models. Trauma (OR = 4.98, 95% CI = 2.20–11.31, p < 0.001) was associated with increased odds of PTSD. Living in a household that received income was associated with decreased odds of PTSD (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.55–1.00, p = 0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of depressive symptoms was high among Rohingya refugees living in Cox's Bazar. Adjusting for past trauma and other risk factors, exposure to post-displacement stressors was associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms. There is a need to address social determinants of health that continue to shape mental health post-displacement and increase mental healthcare access for displaced Rohingya.Clinical Practices Following Train-The-Trainer Trauma Course Completion in Uganda: A Parallel-Convergent Mixed-Methods Study
AbstractTang, Z., Kayondo, D., Ullrich, S. J., Namugga, M., Muwanguzi, P., Klazura, G., Ozgediz, D., & Armstrong-Hough, M. (n.d.).Publication year
2023Journal title
World Journal of SurgeryVolume
47Issue
6Page(s)
1399-1408AbstractBackground: Despite the growth of trauma training courses worldwide, evidence for their impact on clinical practice in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is sparse. We investigated trauma practices by trained providers in Uganda using clinical observation, surveys, and interviews. Methods: Ugandan providers participated in the Kampala Advanced Trauma Course (KATC) from 2018 to 2019. Between July and September of 2019, we directly evaluated guideline-concordant behaviors in KATC-exposed facilities using a structured real-time observation tool. We conducted 27 semi-structured interviews with course-trained providers to elucidate experiences of trauma care and factors that impact adoption of guideline-concordant behaviors. We assessed perceptions of trauma resource availability through a validated survey. Results: Of 23 resuscitations, 83% were managed without course-trained providers. Frontline providers inconsistently performed universally applicable assessments: pulse checks (61%), pulse oximetry (39%), lung auscultation (52%), blood pressure (65%), pupil examination (52%). We did not observe skill transference between trained and untrained providers. In interviews, respondents found KATC personally transformative but not sufficient for facility-wide improvement due to issues with retention, lack of trained peers, and resource shortages. Resource perception surveys similarly demonstrated profound resource shortages and variation across facilities. Conclusions: Trained providers view short-term trauma training interventions positively, but these courses may lack long-term impact due to barriers to adopting best practices. Trauma courses should include more frontline providers, target skill transference and retention, and increase the proportion of trained providers at each facility to promote communities of practice. Essential supplies and infrastructure in facilities must be consistent for providers to practice what they have learned.Disparities among patients with respiratory failure
AbstractBlank, J. A., Armstrong-Hough, M., & Valley, T. S. (n.d.).Publication year
2023Journal title
Current Opinion in Critical CareVolume
29Issue
5Page(s)
493-504AbstractPurpose of review Disparities are common within healthcare, and critical illness is no exception. This review summarizes recent literature on health disparities within respiratory failure, focusing on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sex. Recent findings Current evidence indicates that Black patients have higher incidence of respiratory failure, while the relationships among race, ethnicity, and mortality remains unclear. There has been renewed interest in medical device bias, specifically pulse oximetry, for which data demonstrate patients with darker skin tones may be at risk for undetected hypoxemia and worse outcomes. Lower socioeconomic status is associated with higher mortality, and respiratory failure can potentiate socioeconomic inequities via illness-related financial toxicity. Literature on sex-based disparities is limited; however, evidence suggests males receive more invasive care, including mechanical ventilation. Summary Most studies focused on disparities in incidence and mortality associated with respiratory failure, but few relied on granular clinical data of patients from diverse backgrounds. Future studies should evaluate processes of care for respiratory failure that may mechanistically contribute to disparities in order to develop interventions that improve outcomes.mHealth to improve implementation of TB contact investigation: a case study from Uganda
AbstractGupta, A. J., Turimumahoro, P., Ochom, E., Ggita, J. M., Babirye, D., Ayakaka, I., Mark, D., Okello, D. A., Cattamanchi, A., Dowdy, D. W., Haberer, J. E., Armstrong-Hough, M., Katamba, A., & Davis, J. L. (n.d.).Publication year
2023Journal title
Implementation Science CommunicationsVolume
4Issue
1AbstractBackground: Implementation science offers a systematic approach to adapting innovations and delivery strategies to new contexts but has yet to be widely applied in low- and middle-income countries. The Fogarty Center for Global Health Studies is sponsoring a special series, “Global Implementation Science Case Studies,” to address this gap. Methods: We developed a case study for this series describing our approach and lessons learned while conducting a prospective, multi-modal study to design, implement, and evaluate an implementation strategy for TB contact investigation in Kampala, Uganda. The study included formative, evaluative, and summative phases that allowed us to develop and test an adapted contact investigation intervention involving home-based sample collection for TB and HIV testing. We concurrently developed a multi-component mHealth implementation strategy involving fingerprint scanning, electronic decision support, and automated reporting of test results via text message. We then conducted a household-randomized, hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial comparing the adapted intervention and implementation strategy to usual care. Our assessment included nested quantitative and qualitative studies to understand the strategy’s acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, and costs. Reflecting on this process with a multi-disciplinary team of implementing researchers and local public health partners, we provide commentary on the previously published studies and how the results influenced the adaptation of international TB contact investigation guidelines to fit the local context. Results: While the trial did not show improvements in contact investigation delivery or public health outcomes, our multi-modal evaluation strategy helped us identify which elements of home-based, mHealth-facilitated contact investigation were feasible, acceptable, and appropriate and which elements reduced its fidelity and sustainability, including high costs. We identified a need for better tools for measuring implementation that are simple, quantitative, and repeatable and for greater attention to ethical issues in implementation science. Conclusions: Overall, a theory-informed, community-engaged approach to implementation offered many learnings and actionable insights for delivering TB contact investigation and using implementation science in low-income countries. Future implementation trials, especially those incorporating mHealth strategies, should apply the learnings from this case study to enhance the rigor, equity, and impact of implementation research in global health settings.Self-care and healthcare seeking practices among patients with hypertension and diabetes in rural Uganda
AbstractTusubira, A. K., Ssinabulya, I., Kalyesubula, R., Nalwadda, C. K., Akiteng, A. R., Ngaruiya, C., Rabin, T. L., Katahoire, A., Armstrong-Hough, M., Hsieh, E., Hawley, N. L., & Schwartz, J. I. (n.d.).Publication year
2023Journal title
PLOS Global Public HealthVolume
3Issue
12AbstractBackground Implementing effective self-care practices for non-communicable diseases (NCD) prevents complications and morbidity. However, scanty evidence exists among patients in rural sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We sought to describe and compare existing self-care practices among patients with hypertension (HTN) and diabetes (DM) in rural Uganda. Methods Between April and August 2019, we executed a cross-sectional investigation involving 385 adult patients diagnosed with HTN and/or DM. These participants were systematically randomly selected from three outpatient NCD clinics in the Nakaseke district. Data collection was facilitated using a structured survey that inquired about participants’ healthcare-seeking patterns, access to self-care services, education on self-care, medication compliance, and overall health-related quality of life. We utilized Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses to discern disparities in self-care practices, education, and healthcare-seeking actions based on the patient’s conditions. Results Of the 385 participants, 39.2% had only DM, 36.9% had only HTN, and 23.9% had both conditions (HTN/DM). Participants with DM or both conditions reported more clinic visits in the past year than those with only HTN (P = 0.005). Similarly, most DM-only and HTN/DM participants monitored their weight monthly, unlike those with only HTN (P<0.0001). Participants with DM or HTN/DM were more frequently educated about their health condition(s), dietary habits, and weight management than those with only HTN. Specifically, education about their conditions yielded adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 5.57 for DM-only and 4.12 for HTN/DM. Similarly, for diet, aORs were 2.77 (DM-only) and 4.21 (HTN/DM), and for weight management, aORs were 3.62 (DM-only) and 4.02 (HTN/DM). Medication adherence was notably higher in DM-only participants (aOR = 2.19). Challenges in self-care were significantly more reported by women (aOR = 2.07) and those above 65 years (aOR = 5.91), regardless of their specific condition(s). Conclusion Compared to rural Ugandans with HTN-only, participants with DM had greater utilization of healthcare services, exposure to self-care education, and adherence to medicine and self-monitoring behaviors. These findings should inform ongoing efforts to improve and integrate NCD service delivery in rural SSA.Adapting a tobacco cessation treatment intervention and implementation strategies to enhance implementation effectiveness and clinical outcomes in the context of HIV care in Vietnam: a case study
AbstractShelley, D., Alvarez, G. G., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, N., Goldsamt, L., Cleland, C., Tozan, Y., Shuter, J., & Armstrong-Hough, M. (n.d.).Publication year
2022Journal title
Implementation Science CommunicationsVolume
3Issue
1AbstractBackground: Smoking rates remain high in Vietnam, particularly among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH), but tobacco cessation services are not available in outpatient HIV clinics (OPCs). The research team is conducting a type II hybrid randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the cost-effectiveness of three tobacco cessation interventions among PLWH receiving care in HIV clinics in Vietnam. The study is simultaneously evaluating the implementation processes and outcomes of strategies aimed at increasing the implementation of tobacco dependence treatment (TDT) in the context of HIV care. This paper describes the systematic, theory-driven process of adapting intervention components and implementation strategies with demonstrated effectiveness in high-income countries, and more recently in Vietnam, to a new population (i.e., PLWH) and new clinical setting, prior to launching the trial. Methods: Data collection and analyses were guided by two implementation science frameworks and the socio-ecological model. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 13 health care providers and 24 patients in three OPCs. Workflow analyses were conducted in each OPC. Qualitative data were analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis procedures. Based on findings, components of the intervention and implementation strategies were adapted, followed by a 3-month pilot study in one OPC with 16 patients randomized to one of two intervention arms. Results: The primary adaptations included modifying the TDT intervention counseling content to address barriers to quitting among PLWH and Vietnamese sociocultural norms that support smoking cessation. Implementation strategies (i.e., training and system changes) were adapted to respond to provider- and clinic-level determinants of implementation effectiveness (e.g., knowledge gaps, OPC resource constraints, staffing structure, compatibility). Conclusions: Adaptations were facilitated through a mixed method, stakeholder (patient and health care provider, district health leader)-engaged evaluation of context-specific influences on intervention and implementation effectiveness. This data-driven approach to refining and adapting components aimed to optimize intervention effectiveness and implementation in the context of HIV care. Balancing pragmatism with rigor through the use of rapid analysis procedures and multiple methods increased the feasibility of the adaptation process. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05162911 . Registered on December 16, 2021.Assessing a norming intervention to promote acceptance of HIV testing and reduce stigma during household tuberculosis contact investigation: Protocol for a cluster-randomised trial
AbstractArmstrong-Hough, M., Ggita, J., Gupta, A. J., Shelby, T., Nangendo, J., Ayen, D. O., Davis, J. L., & Katamba, A. (n.d.).Publication year
2022Journal title
BMJ openVolume
12Issue
5AbstractIntroduction HIV status awareness is important for household contacts of patients with tuberculosis (TB). Home HIV testing during TB contact investigation increases HIV status awareness. Social interactions during home visits may influence perceived stigma and uptake of HIV testing. We designed an intervention to normalise and facilitate uptake of home HIV testing with five components: guided selection of first tester; prosocial invitation scripts; opt-out framing; optional sharing of decisions to test; and masking of decisions not to test. Methods and analysis We will evaluate the intervention effect in a household-randomised controlled trial. The primary aim is to assess whether contacts offered HIV testing using the norming strategy will accept HIV testing more often than those offered testing using standard strategies. Approximately 198 households will be enrolled through three public health facilities in Kampala, Uganda. Households will be randomised to receive the norming or standard strategy and visited by a community health worker (CHW) assigned to that strategy. Eligible contacts ≥15 years will be offered optional, free, home HIV testing. The primary outcome, proportion of contacts accepting HIV testing, will be assessed by CHWs and analysed using an intention-to-treat approach. Secondary outcomes will be changes in perceived HIV stigma, changes in perceived TB stigma, effects of perceived HIV stigma on HIV test uptake, effects of perceived TB stigma on HIV test uptake and proportions of first-invited contacts who accept HIV testing. Results will inform new, scalable strategies for delivering HIV testing. Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the Yale Human Investigation Committee (2000024852), Makerere University School of Public Health Institutional Review Board (661) and Uganda National Council on Science and Technology (HS2567). All participants, including patients and their household contacts, will provide verbal informed consent. Results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated to national stakeholders, including policy-makers and representatives of affected communities. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05124665.Core components of a Community of Practice to improve community health worker performance: a qualitative study
AbstractHennein, R., Ggita, J. M., Turimumahoro, P., Ochom, E., Gupta, A. J., Katamba, A., Armstrong-Hough, M., & Davis, J. L. (n.d.).Publication year
2022Journal title
Implementation Science CommunicationsVolume
3Issue
1AbstractBackground: Communities of Practice (CoPs) offer an accessible strategy for healthcare workers to improve the quality of care through knowledge sharing. However, not enough is known about which components of CoPs are core to facilitating behavior change. Therefore, we carried out a qualitative study to address these important gaps in the literature on CoPs and inform planning for an interventional study of CoPs. Methods: We organized community health workers (CHWs) from two tuberculosis (TB) clinics in Kampala, Uganda, into a CoP from February to June 2018. We conducted interviews with CoP members to understand their perceptions of how the CoP influenced delivery of TB contact investigation. Using an abductive approach, we first applied inductive codes characterizing CHWs’ perceptions of how the CoP activities affected their delivery of contact investigation. We then systematically mapped these codes into their functional categories using the Behavior Change Technique (BCT) Taxonomy and the Behavior Change Wheel framework. We triangulated all interview findings with detailed field notes. Results: All eight members of the CoP agreed to participate in the interviews. CHWs identified five CoP activities as core to improving the quality of their work: (1) individual review of feedback reports, (2) collaborative improvement meetings, (3) real-time communications among members, (4) didactic education sessions, and (5) clinic-wide staff meetings. These activities incorporated nine different BCTs and five distinct intervention functions. CHWs reported that these activities provided a venue for them to share challenges, exchange knowledge, engage in group problem solving, and benefit from social support. CHWs also explained that they felt a shared sense of ownership of the CoP, which motivated them to propose and carry out innovations. CHWs described that the CoP strengthened their social and professional identities within and outside the group, and improved their self-efficacy. Conclusions: We identified the core components and several mechanisms through which CoPs may improve CHW performance. Future studies should evaluate the importance of these mechanisms in mediating the effects of CoPs on program effectiveness.Determinants of testing for HIV among young people in Uganda. A nested, explanatory-sequential study
AbstractKalibbala, D., Mpungu, S. K., Ssuna, B., Muzeyi, W., Mberesero, H., Semitala, F. C., Katahoire, A., Armstrong-Hough, M., Kalyango, J. N., & Musiime, V. (n.d.).Publication year
2022Journal title
PLOS Global Public HealthVolume
2Issue
12AbstractAwareness of HIV serostatus helps individuals calibrate behaviour or link to care. Globally, young people (15-24years) contribute over 30% of new HIV infections. Despite progress in enhancing access to HIV services, HIV testing among young people in Uganda is below target. We determined the prevalence and factors influencing HIV testing among young people in a peri-urban district with the highest proportion of young people. We conducted a nested explanatory sequential mixed-methods study from March to May 2019 in Wakiso district. We used stratified cluster random sampling to select 397 rural and 253 urban young people from eight parishes. We collected data using questionnaires and subsequently conducted in-depth interviews with 16 purposively selected survey participants. The prevalence of testing for HIV was 80.2%. Young people related their decisions about HIV testing to self-evaluation of their risk and perceived ability to manage the consequences of a positive result. Participants reported high levels of support for HIV testing from peers, partners, and family members. They perceived health facilities as confusing, distant, expensive, and staffed by judgmental, older health workers as barriers. They felt that mobile testing points solved some of these problems, but introduced less privacy and greater confidentiality concerns. The prevalence of HIV testing among young people in Wakiso district was low compared to the UNAIDS 2030 target but among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Community-based programs resolve many concerns about testing at health facilities. However, there is a need to make these programs more comfortable and private.Factors associated with willingness to use oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in a fisher-folk community in peri-urban Kampala, Uganda
AbstractSsuna, B., Katahoire, A., Armstrong-Hough, M., Kalibbala, D., Kalyango, J. N., & Kiweewa, F. M. (n.d.).Publication year
2022Journal title
BMC public healthVolume
22Issue
1AbstractBackground: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in key populations at elevated risk for exposure to HIV. If used effectively, PrEP can reduce annual HIV incidence to below 0.05%. However, PrEP is not acceptable among all communities that might benefit from it. There is, therefore, a need to understand perceptions of PrEP and factors associated with willingness to use PrEP among key populations at risk of HIV, such as members of communities with exceptionally high HIV prevalence. Objective: To examine the perceptions and factors associated with willingness to use oral PrEP among members of fishing communities in Uganda, a key population at risk of HIV. Methods: We conducted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study at Ggaba fishing community from February to June 2019. Survey data were collected from a systematic random sample of 283 community members in which PrEP had not been rolled out yet by the time of we conducted the study. We carried out bivariate tests of association of willingness to use PrEP with demographic characteristics, HIV risk perception, HIV testing history. We estimated prevalence ratios for willingness to use PrEP. We used backward elimination to build a multivariable modified Poisson regression model to describe factors associated with willingness to use PrEP. We purposively selected 16 participants for focus group discussions to contextualize survey findings, analysing data inductively and identifying emergent themes related to perceptions of PrEP. Key results: We enrolled 283 participants with a mean age of 31 ± 8 years. Most (80.9%) were male. The majority of participants had tested for HIV in their lifetime, but 64% had not tested in the past 6 months. Self-reported HIV prevalence was 6.4%. Most (80.6, 95%CI 75.5–85.0) were willing in principle to use PrEP. Willingness to use PrEP was associated with perceiving oneself to be at high risk of HIV (aPR 1.99, 95%CI 1.31–3.02, P = 0.001), having tested for HIV in the past 6-months (aPR 1.13, 95%CI 1.03–1.24, P = 0.007), and completion of tertiary education (aPR 1.97, 95%CI 1.39–2.81, P < 0.001). In focus group discussions, participants described pill burden, side-effects and drug safety as potential barriers to PrEP use. Conclusions and recommendations: Oral PrEP was widely acceptable among members of fishing communities in peri-urban Kampala. Programs for scaling-up PrEP for fisherfolk should merge HIV testing services with sensitization about PrEP and also increase means of awareness of PrEP as an HIV preventive strategy.Implementation, interrupted: Identifying and leveraging factors that sustain after a programme interruption
AbstractHennein, R., Ggita, J., Ssuna, B., Shelley, D., Akiteng, A. R., Davis, J. L., Katamba, A., & Armstrong-Hough, M. (n.d.).Publication year
2022Journal title
Global Public HealthVolume
17Issue
9Page(s)
1868-1882AbstractMany implementation efforts experience interruptions, especially in settings with developing health systems. Approaches for evaluating interruptions are needed to inform re-implementation strategies. We sought to devise an approach for evaluating interruptions by exploring the sustainability of a programme that implemented diabetes mellitus (DM) screening within tuberculosis clinics in Uganda in 2017. In 2019, we conducted nine interviews with clinic staff and observed clinic visits to determine their views and practices on providing integrated care. We mapped themes to a social ecological model with three levels derived from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR): outer setting (i.e. community), inner setting (i.e. clinic), and individuals (i.e. clinicians). Respondents explained that DM screening ceased due to disruptions in the national supply chain for glucose test strips, which had cascading effects on clinics and clinicians. Lack of screening supplies in clinics limited clinicians’ opportunities to perform DM screening, which contributed to diminished self-efficacy. However, culture, compatibility and clinicians’ beliefs about DM screening sustained throughout the interruption. We propose an approach for evaluating interruptions using the CFIR and social ecological model; other programmes can adapt this approach to identify cascading effects of interruptions and target them for re-implementation.Patient preferences for facility-based management of hypertension and diabetes in rural Uganda: A discrete choice experiment
AbstractMoor, S. E., Tusubira, A. K., Wood, D., Akiteng, A. R., Galusha, D., Tessier-Sherman, B., Donroe, E. H., Ngaruiya, C., Rabin, T. L., Hawley, N. L., Armstrong-Hough, M., Nakirya, B. D., Nugent, R., Kalyesubula, R., Nalwadda, C., Ssinabulya, I., & Schwartz, J. I. (n.d.).Publication year
2022Journal title
BMJ openVolume
12Issue
7AbstractObjective To explore how respondents with common chronic conditions - hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) - make healthcare-seeking decisions. Setting Three health facilities in Nakaseke District, Uganda. Design Discrete choice experiment (DCE). Participants 496 adults with HTN and/or DM. Main outcome measures Willingness to pay for changes in DCE attributes: getting to the facility, interactions with healthcare providers, availability of medicines for condition, patient peer-support groups; and education at the facility. Results Respondents were willing to pay more to attend facilities that offer peer-support groups, friendly healthcare providers with low staff turnover and greater availabilities of medicines. Specifically, we found the average respondent was willing to pay an additional 77 121 Ugandan shillings (UGX) for facilities with peer-support groups over facilities with none; and 49 282 UGX for 1 month of medicine over none, all other things being equal. However, respondents would have to compensated to accept facilities that were further away or offered health education. Specifically, the average respondent would have to be paid 3929 UGX to be willing to accept each additional kilometre they would have to travel to the facilities, all other things being equal. Similarly, the average respondent would have to be paid 60 402 UGX to accept facilities with some health education, all other things being equal. Conclusions Our findings revealed significant preferences for health facilities based on the availability of medicines, costs of treatment and interactions with healthcare providers. Understanding patient preferences can inform intervention design to optimise healthcare service delivery for patients with HTN and DM in rural Uganda and other low-resource settings.Perceptions, preferences, and experiences of tuberculosis education and counselling among patients and providers in Kampala, Uganda: A qualitative study
AbstractAyakaka, I., Armstrong-Hough, M., Hannaford, A., Ggita, J. M., Turimumahoro, P., Katamba, A., Katahoire, A., Cattamanchi, A., Shenoi, S. V., & Davis, J. L. (n.d.).Publication year
2022Journal title
Global Public HealthVolume
17Issue
11Page(s)
2911-2928AbstractTuberculosis (TB) education seeks to increase patient knowledge about TB, while TB counselling seeks to offer tailored advice and support for medication adherence. While universally recommended, little is known about how to provide effective, efficient, patient-centred TB education and counselling (TEC) in low-income, high HIV-TB burden settings. We sought to characterise stakeholder perceptions of TEC in a public, primary care facility in Kampala, Uganda, by conducting focus group discussions with health workers and TB patients in the TB and HIV clinics. Participants valued TEC but reported that high-quality TEC is rarely provided, because of a lack of time, space, staff, planning, and prioritisation given to TEC. To improve TEC, they recommended adopting practices that have proven effective in the HIV clinic, including better specifying educational content, and employing peer educators focused on TEC. Patients and health workers suggested that TEC should not only improve TB patient knowledge and adherence, but should also empower and assist all those undergoing evaluation for TB, whether confirmed or not, to educate their households and communities about TB. Community-engaged research with patients and front-line providers identified opportunities to streamline and standardise the delivery of TEC using a patient-centred, peer-educator model.Saliva-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 testing in low-and middle-income countries
AbstractTan, S. H., Allicock, O. M., Katamba, A., Carrington, C. V., Wyllie, A. L., & Armstrong-Hough, M. (n.d.).Publication year
2022Journal title
Bulletin of the World Health OrganizationVolume
100Issue
12Page(s)
808-814AbstractAs the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to disproportionately affect low-and middle-income countries, the need for simple, accessible and frequent diagnostic testing grows. In lower-resource settings, case detection is often limited by a lack of available testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To address global inequities in testing, alternative sample types could be used to increase access to testing by reducing the associated costs. Saliva is a sensitive, minimally invasive and inexpensive diagnostic sample for SARS-CoV-2 detection that is appropriate for asymptomatic surveillance, symptomatic testing and at-home collection. Saliva testing can lessen two major challenges faced by lower-and middle-income countries: constrained resources and overburdened health workers. Saliva sampling enables convenient self-collection and requires fewer resources than swab-based methods. However, saliva testing for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics has not been implemented on a large scale in low-and middle-income countries. While numerous studies based in these settings have demonstrated the usefulness of saliva sampling, there has been insufficient attention on optimizing its implementation in practice. We argue that implementation science research is needed to bridge this gap between evidence and practice. Low-and middle-income countries face many barriers as they continue their efforts to provide mass COVID-19 testing in the face of substantial inequities in global access to vaccines. Laboratories should look to replicate successful approaches for sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, while governments should act to facilitate mass testing by lifting restrictions that limit implementation of saliva-based methods.Theory-Informed Design of a Tailored Strategy for Implementing Household TB Contact Investigation in Uganda
AbstractDavis, J. L., Ayakaka, I., Ggita, J. M., Ochom, E., Babirye, D., Turimumahoro, P., Gupta, A. J., Mugabe, F. R., Armstrong-Hough, M., Cattamanchi, A., & Katamba, A. (n.d.).Publication year
2022Journal title
Frontiers in Public HealthVolume
10AbstractSince 2012, the World Health Organization has recommended household contact investigation as an evidence-based intervention to find and treat individuals with active tuberculosis (TB), the most common infectious cause of death worldwide after COVID-19. Unfortunately, uptake of this recommendation has been suboptimal in low- and middle-income countries, where the majority of affected individuals reside, and little is known about how to effectively deliver this service. Therefore, we undertook a systematic process to design a novel, theory-informed implementation strategy to promote uptake of contact investigation in Uganda, using the COM-B (Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior) model and the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) framework. We systematically engaged national, clinic-, and community-based stakeholders and collectively re-examined the results of our own formative, parallel mixed-methods studies. We identified three core behaviors within contact investigation that we wished to change, and multiple antecedents (i.e., barriers and facilitators) of those behaviors. The BCW framework helped identify multiple intervention functions targeted to these antecedents, as well as several policies that could potentially enhance the effectiveness of those interventions. Finally, we identified multiple behavior change techniques and policies that we incorporated into a multi-component implementation strategy, which we compared to usual care in a household cluster-randomized trial. We introduced some components in both arms, including those designed to facilitate initial uptake of contact investigation, with improvement relative to historical controls. Other components that we introduced to facilitate completion of TB evaluation—home-based TB-HIV evaluation and follow-up text messaging—returned negative results due to implementation failures. In summary, the Behavior Change Wheel framework provided a feasible and transparent approach to designing a theory-informed implementation strategy. Future studies should explore the use of experimental methods such as micro-randomized trials to identify the most active components of implementation strategies, as well as more creative and entrepreneurial methods such as human-centered design to better adapt the forms and fit of implementation strategies to end users.An emerging syndemic of smoking and cardiopulmonary diseases in people living with HIV in Africa
AbstractPeprah, E., Armstrong-Hough, M., Cook, S. H., Mukasa, B., Taylor, J. Y., Xu, H., Chang, L., Gyamfi, J., Ryan, N., Ojo, T., Snyder, A., Iwelunmor, J., Ezechi, O., Iyegbe, C., O’reilly, P., & Kengne, A. P. (n.d.).Publication year
2021Journal title
International journal of environmental research and public healthVolume
18Issue
6Page(s)
1-12AbstractBackground: African countries have the highest number of people living with HIV (PWH). The continent is home to 12% of the global population, but accounts for 71% of PWH globally. Antiretroviral therapy has played an important role in the reduction of the morbidity and mortality rates for HIV, which necessitates increased surveillance of the threats from pernicious risks to which PWH who live longer remain exposed. This includes cardiopulmonary comorbidities, which pose significant public health and economic challenges. A significant contributor to the cardiopulmonary comorbidities is tobacco smoking. Indeed, globally, PWH have a 2–4-fold higher utilization of tobacco compared to the general population, leading to endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis that result in cardiopulmonary diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and coronary artery disease. In the context of PWH, we discuss (1) the current trends in cigarette smoking and (2) the lack of geographically relevant data on the cardiopulmonary conditions associated with smoking; we then review (3) the current evidence on chronic inflammation induced by smoking and the potential pathways for cardiopulmonary disease and (4) the multifactorial nature of the syndemic of smoking, HIV, and cardiopulmonary diseases. This commentary calls for a major, multi-setting cohort study using a syndemics framework to assess cardiopulmonary disease outcomes among PWH who smoke. Conclusion: We call for a parallel program of implementation research to promote the adoption of evidence-based interventions, which could improve health outcomes for PWH with cardiopulmonary diseases and address the health inequities experienced by PWH in African countries.Availability, functionality and access of blood pressure machines at the points of care in public primary care facilities in Tororo district, Uganda
AbstractBesigye, I. K., Okuuny, V., Armstrong-Hough, M., Katahoire, A. R., Sewankambo, N. K., Mash, R., & Katamba, A. (n.d.).Publication year
2021Journal title
South African Family PracticeVolume
63Issue
1Page(s)
1-6AbstractBackground: Early diagnosis of hypertension prevents a significant number of complications and premature deaths. In resource-variable settings, diagnosis may be limited by inadequate access to blood pressure (BP) machines. We sought to understand the availability, functionality and access of BP machines at the points of care within primary care facilities in Tororo district, Uganda. Methods: This was an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study combining a structured facility checklist and key informant interviews with primary care providers. The checklist was used to collect data on availability and functionality of BP machines within their organisational arrangements. Key informant interviews explored health providers’ access to BP machines. Results: The majority of health facilities reported at least one working BP machine. However, Health providers described limited access to machines because they are not located at each point of care. Health providers reported borrowing amongst themselves within their respective units or from other units within the facility. Some health providers purchase and bring their own BP machines to the health facilities or attempted to restore the functionality of broken ones. They are motivated to search the clinic for BP machines for some patients but not others based on their perception of the patient’s risk for hypertension. Conclusion: Access to BP machines at the point of care was limited. This makes hypertension screening selective based on health providers’ perception of the patients’ risk for hypertension. Training in proper BP machine use and regular maintenance will minimise frequent breakdowns.