Ralph DiClemente

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Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences

Dr. Ralph DiClemente was trained as a Health Psychologist at the University of California, San Francisco where he received his PhD in 1984 after completing a ScM at the Harvard School of Public Health. He earned his undergraduate degree at the City University of New York.

Dr. DiClemente’s research has four key foci:

Developing interventions to reduce the risk of HIV/STD among vulnerable populations
Developing interventions to enhance vaccine uptake among high-risk adolescents and women, such as HPV and influenza vaccine
Developing implementation science interventions to enhance the uptake, adoption and sustainability of HIV/STD prevention programs in the community
Developing diabetes screening and behavior change interventions to identify people with diabetes who are unaware of their disease status as well as reduce the risk of diabetes among vulnerable populations.

He has focused on developing intervention packages that blend community and technology-based approaches that are designed to optimize program effectiveness and enhance programmatic sustainability.

Dr. DiClemente is the author of ten CDC-defined, evidence-based interventions for adolescents and young African-American women and men. He is the author of more than 540 peer-review publications, 150 book chapters, and 21 books. He serves as a member of the Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council.

Previously, Dr. DiClemente served as the Charles Howard Candler Professor of Public Health at the Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University. He was also Associate Director of the Center for AIDS Research, and was previously Chair of the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education at the Rollins School of Public Health.

Dr. DiClemente is Past President of the Georgia chapter of the Society for Adolescent Health & Medicine. He previously served as a member of the CDC Board of Scientific Counselors, and the NIMH Advisory Council.

Education

BA, The City College of the City University of New York (CCNY), New York, NY

ScM, Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA

PhD, Health Psychology, University of California San Francisco Center for Behavioral Sciences, San Francisco, CA

Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, San Francisco, CA

Areas of research and study

Community Interventions

Diabetes

HIV/AIDS

Implementation science

Influenza

Psychology

Publications

HIV-related risk behaviors among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents and school-based adolescents

DiClemente, R., DiClemente, R. J., & Ponton, L. E. (n.d.).

Publication year

1993

Journal title

American Journal of Psychiatry

Volume

150

Issue

Page(s)

324-325

10.1176/ajp.150.2.324

Abstract

Abstract

The authors compared the responses of 76 adolescents on an inpatient psychiatric service with those of 802 school-based adolescents in the same city regarding HIV risk behaviors. The psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents reported a significantly higher rate of sexual and drug-related behaviors that involve a risk for contracting sexually transmitted disease, including HIV-related illnesses.

Preventing HIV/AIDS Among Adolescents : Schools as Agents of Behavior Change

DiClemente, R. (n.d.).

Publication year

1993

Journal title

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

Volume

270

Issue

Page(s)

760-762

10.1001/jama.1993.03510060106042

Abstract

Abstract

Although adolescents currently account for less than 1% of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases in the United States, recent data indicate that the rate of adolescent AIDS cases has increased markedly,1 especially among African-American adolescents.2 Moreover, given the long latency period between infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and clinical symptoms, reliance on AIDS case surveillance data severely underestimates the serious health threat to adolescents posed by the AIDS epidemic. More relevant indices, such as HIV seroprevalence in selected adolescent populations2 and the high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and sexual risk behaviors,3,4 emphasize the need for the urgent development and implementation of programs that effectively reduce HIV-related risk behaviors, particularly unprotected sexual intercourse. See also p 725. Although sexual abstinence is the most effective method to prevent transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, many adolescents are sexually active, with the age.

The effects of child abuse and race on risk-taking in male adolescents.

DiClemente, R., Hernandez, J. T., Lodico, M., & DiClemente, R. J. (n.d.).

Publication year

1993

Journal title

Journal of the National Medical Association

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

593-597

Abstract

Abstract

This study explores the effects of abuse on the risk-taking behaviors of 2973 black and white adolescent males, 412 of whom were sexually or physically abused. Surveys on mental and physical health, risk-taking behaviors and attitudes, and family living were administered to 9th and 12th graders in an urban midwestern state. The surveys included questions on past history of sexual and physical abuse. More black than white males reported experiencing incest, extrafamilial sexual abuse, and physical abuse. As for outcome risk-taking behaviors, blacks were more likely to use illegal substances, run away, skip school, attempt suicide, force partners into sex, and commit violent acts; however, the racial effects decreased when abuse histories were taken into consideration. Whites were more likely to drink and drive, and to drink before having sex; abuse history did not decrease this racial effect. Abuse but not race was predictive of drinking and of having serious drinking problems. The results point to the importance of pediatricians, psychologists, and other healthcare workers, as well as those in the legal and criminal justice system screening for a history of abuse among adolescents who demonstrate these or other risk-taking behaviors.

The Relationship of Magic Johnson's Announcement of HIV Infection to the AIDS Attitudes of Junior High School Students

Zimet, G. D., Lazebnik, R., Anglin, T. M., Williams, P., DiClemente, R., & Ellick, E. M. (n.d.).

Publication year

1993

Journal title

The Journal of Sex Research

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

129-134

10.1080/00224499309551692

Abstract

Abstract

One month after Magic Johnson announced that he had tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 103 junior high school students were surveyed about the impact of his announcement on their desire to learn about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), their worries about vulnerability to HIV infection, and their anxiety about interacting with a person with AIDS (PWA). Students also were administered established AIDS-related scales of knowledge, vulnerability worries, and social anxiety. Their scores on these scales were compared to the scores of different students from the same school sampled at three previous times. As expected, 58% of the students reported a desire to know more about AIDS, and 40% reported increased worries about vulnerability to HIV infection because of Magic Johnson's announcement. Contrary to expectations, 21% reacted with a report of increased anxiety about interacting with a PWA, whereas 12% reported less anxiety. Also contrary to expectations, when compared with the pre-announcement groups, the post-announcement students had lower scores on the vulnerability worry scale, indicating less worry about personal vulnerability to HIV infection. Results are discussed in terms of the possible influences of social desirability bias and perceptions of personal risk.

Child Sexual Abuse of Asians Compared with Other Populations

RAO, K., DiClemente, R., & PONTON, L. E. (n.d.).

Publication year

1992

Journal title

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

880-886

10.1097/00004583-199209000-00016

Abstract

Abstract

This retrospective chart review study of a child sexual abuse clinic compared a consecutive sample of substantiated sexual abuse cases of Asian victims with random samples of black, white, and Hispanic victims. The findings suggest that there are clinically relevant differences between Asians and the other three populations. Asian victims showed a distinct demographic profile, suffered less physically invasive forms of abuse, were more likely to express suicidality, less likely to display anger and sexual acting out, and had less supportive primary caretakers than non-Asians. Awareness of such ethnic differences will help clinicians better evaluate and treat minority victims.

Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus related knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors among sexually active and abstinent young adolescents

Brown, L. K., DiClemente, R., & Beausoleil, N. I. (n.d.).

Publication year

1992

Journal title

Journal of Adolescent Health

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

140-145

10.1016/1054-139X(92)90081-L

Abstract

Abstract

Although young sexually active adolescents are at greater risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition than their abstinent peers, little is known about their respective HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and general risk behaviors. This study of middle school adolescents (n = 1379; mean age, 13.2 years) found that the sexually active boys, compared with their peers, were less knowledgeable about HIV, less fearful of HIV, less tolerant of people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), riskier in non-HIV-related attitudes and had a greater history of other risk behavior. A similar, but less marked pattern, was found for girls. It is suggested that physicians counsel all adolescents about HIV and sexuality during office visits and that early adolescent sexuality should prompt special efforts in HIV education/ counseling.

Confronting the challenge of AIDS in the African-American community.

DiClemente, R., & DiClemente, R. J. (n.d.).

Publication year

1992

Journal title

Ethnicity & disease

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

358-360

Abstract

Abstract

Cultural, gender, and psychosocial influences on HIV-related behavior of African-American female adolescents : implications for the development of tailored prevention programs.

DiClemente, R., Wingood, G. M., & DiClemente, R. J. (n.d.).

Publication year

1992

Journal title

Ethnicity & disease

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

381-388

Abstract

Abstract

This paper presents epidemiologic data describing the risk of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases for African-American female adolescents relative to their white peers. Diverse cultural, psychosocial, and gender influences affect behavior; these should be considered in the development and implementation of culturally sensitive HIV prevention interventions tailored toward African-American female adolescents. These influences include sex-role socialization issues, the African-American family; issues related to racial identity; communication styles common among African-American youth; normative influences in adolescent heterosexual relationships; and factors affecting feelings of self-efficacy, empowerment, and gender rules in the African-American female adolescent. Strategies for incorporating cultural, psychosocial, and gender influences into the development of HIV risk-reduction interventions are suggested. Culturally specific interventions tailored toward this population may be more effective at motivating the adoption and maintenance of HIV-preventive behaviors.

Determinants of condom use among junior high school students in a minority, inner-city school district

DiClemente, R., DiClemente, R. J., Durbin, M., Siegel, D., Krasnovsky, F., Lazarus, N., & Comacho, T. (n.d.).

Publication year

1992

Journal title

Pediatrics

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

197-202

Abstract

Abstract

Condoms reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission; however, their use among adolescents has been inconsistent. Little is known about factors which motivate consistent condom use, particularly among younger adolescents. In a study designed to identify such factors, 1899 inner-city junior high school students were surveyed. In June 1988, students completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire assessing HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Among sexually active students (N = 403), logistic regression analysis evaluated the influence of demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors on frequency of condom use. Respondents who believe condoms are effective in preventing HIV transmission were 2.2 times more likely to report using condoms consistently during sexual intercourse; those with low perceived costs associated with condom use were 1.9 times more likely to be consistent users. Number of lifetime sexual partners was inversely related to frequency of condom use. Respondents with a history of three or more sex partners were half as likely to use condoms consistently. Factors not associated with consistent condom use include age, age at sexual debut, ethnicity, HIV knowledge, perceived efficacy to avoid HIV infection, and alcohol and drug use. School- and community-based HIV prevention programs will have to go beyond the didactic transfer of factual information and include more interactive teaching strategies to improve adolescents' attitudes toward condoms are self-efficacy to increase condom use and to counter negative peer influences and adolescents' perceptions of invulnerability. Physicians are an underutilized source of HIV prevention information. They have an important role in counseling adolescents about effective HIV-prevention methods and dispelling misperceptions which hinder consistent condom use.

Epidemiology of AIDS, HIV Prevalence, and HIV Incidence Among Adolescents

DiClemente, R. (n.d.).

Publication year

1992

Journal title

Journal of School Health

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

325-330

10.1111/j.1746-1561.1992.tb01251.x

Abstract

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Health educators, policy analysts, and public health officials are becoming more aware of the serious threat HIV poses to the health of U.S. adolescents. While AIDS among adolescents remains relatively uncommon, considerable data indicates this age group has alarmingly high HIV infection rates and that minority adolescents are at disproportionately greater risk of HIV infection relative to their White peers. Recent seroconversion studies of active duty military personnel indicate that the number of new HIV infections (incident cases) are especially high among Black adolescents. Findings suggest the urgent need for more tailored HIV prevention programs, especially gender‐ and ethnic‐specific programs. 1992 American School Health Association

HIV/AIDS education and prevention among African-Americans : A focus on culture

DiClemente, R., Airhihenbuwa, C. O., DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., & Lowe, A. (n.d.).

Publication year

1992

Journal title

AIDS Education and Prevention

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

267-276

Abstract

Abstract

African-Americans have emerged as the 'second wave' of the AIDS epidemic. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that African-Americans adults as well as adolescents have a disproportionately higher risk of AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. While programs designed to increase self-protective behaviors are urgently needed to avert a further increase in HIV infection among this population, there is little understanding of African-American sociocultural factors that may influence the acceptance of HIV information and the adoption of HIV-preventive behaviors. This paper describes African-American cultural values and mores which may be related to risk-taking behavior. Barriers to the effective dissemination of HIV prevention education are identified and strategies that may be effective in surmounting these barriers and implementing culturally-appropriate HIV behavioral modification programs are described.

Moral reasoning and unprotected sex among young men

Hernandez, J., & DiClemente, R. (n.d.).

Publication year

1992

Journal title

Journal of Health Education

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

347-351

10.1080/10556699.1992.10616314

Abstract

Abstract

This study examined the influence of moral reasoning on young men’s HIV-related sexual risk behaviors, specifically unprotected sexual intercourse. It was hypothesized that those with higher stage moral reasoning will be more likely to practice safe sex. Male college students completed a measure of moral reasoning and a self-report questionnaire assessing sexual behavior. Those scoring high on moral reasoning reported significantly fewer incidents of unprotected sex and more respect for partners who wanted to practice safe sex. They also had fewer sex partners, reported fewer pick-ups, and their sexual motivation on dates was lower (the latter comparisons did not reach levels of significance). That students engage in risky sexual practices less when they use higher levels of moral reasoning is important to the health education discipline’s effort to promote safer sex. It speaks to incorporating training in higher levels of moral reasoning into sex education curricula, for example, by presenting moral sexual dilemmas for classroom discussion. The moral dilemma approach stimulates students to progress more rapidly through their own natural course of moral development, and summarily provides them with the tools to make responsible decisions about sexual behaviors.

Predictors of condom use in sexually active adolescents

Brown, L. K., DiClemente, R., & Park, T. (n.d.).

Publication year

1992

Journal title

Journal of Adolescent Health

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

651-657

10.1016/1054-139X(92)90058-J

Abstract

Abstract

Unprotected sexual intercourse places a substantial number of adolescents at risk for sexually transmitted disease (STD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. While the most effective means of preventing STD/ HIV infection among sexually active adolescents is consistent condom use, little is known about the factors that influence their consistent use among adolescents. This study of adolescents (n = 1049, mean age = 16.2 years) found that of the 266 teens who recently became sexually active, only 29% reported using condoms consistently. Consistent condom use was more frequent in males, those with little history of risk behavior and those with stronger intentions to use condoms in the future. Fear and anxiety of HIV, attitudes about risks other than HIV, and other safe behavior intentions were not significantly related to consistent condom use. Although intentions and recent behavior were significantly related, a different group of factors was found to predict intention to use condoms (e.g., perception of condom use by friends, general impulsive attitudes). Identifying and understanding the factors that influence adolescent sexual behavior and intentions is important for developing maximally effective HIV education/prevention programs.

Self-control and ego identity development as predictors of unprotected sex in late adolescent males

Hernandez, J. T., & DiClemente, R. (n.d.).

Publication year

1992

Journal title

Journal of Adolescence

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

437-447

10.1016/0140-1971(92)90073-E

Abstract

Abstract

Male college students completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire assessing HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, moral development, personality factors and behaviors. Bivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with high-risk sexual intercourse. Significant demographic psychosocial and behavioral predictors were entered into a logistic regression analysis to evaluate the independent influence of each predictor on unprotected sexual intercourse. Behavioral factors were the most powerful predictors of unprotected sexual intercourse. Adolescents reporting multiple sex partners, drinking and picking-up sex partners were significantly more likely to engage in sex without condoms. Examining psychosocial factors alone, it was found that adolescents who had low scores for ego-development (goal-directedness) and self-control were significantly more likely to engage in sex without condoms. Identification of two personality constructs as underlying predictors of high-risk behavior, while potentially important for the development of effective HIV prevention programs, needs corroboration to further define the interrelationships between these factors and other psychosocial constructs.

An AIDS education and Prevention Program for hospitalized adolescents

Ponton, L. E., DiClemente, R., & McKenna, S. (n.d.).

Publication year

1991

Journal title

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

729-734

10.1016/S0890-8567(10)80006-1

Abstract

Abstract

This paper describes the development of a human immunodeficiency virus Prevention Program for a University-based adolescent psychiatric unit. The intervention spans 8 days with components in school, activity therapies, and a specific group that teaches sexual education. Important aspects that have contributed to the success of this intervention include its integration into a general sex education program, the utilization of the psychiatric milieu for promotion of the intervention, the participation of a person with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the educational process, “high tech” components, such as attractive well-designed videos, and assessment and evaluation. The importance of AIDS education for psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents will be further elaborated.

Comparison of AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among incarcerated adolescents and a public school sample in San Francisco

DiClemente, R., DiClemente, R. J., Lanier, M. M., Horan, P. F., & Lodico, M. (n.d.).

Publication year

1991

Journal title

American journal of public health

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

628-630

10.2105/AJPH.81.5.628

Abstract

Abstract

Data collected from incarcerated youth (n = 113) and a public school sample (n = 802) demonstrate that both adolescent groups have a high level of AIDS knowledge. Incarcerated youth are less aware of HIV risk-reduction behaviors and report markedly higher rates of HIV risk behaviors. Incarcerated youth are at substantially increased risk of HIV infection relative to their school-based counterparts and should be a primary target of HIV prevention programs.

HIV knowledge and behaviors of incarcerated youth : A comparison of high and low risk locales

Lanier, M. M., DiClemente, R., & Horan, P. F. (n.d.).

Publication year

1991

Journal title

Journal of Criminal Justice

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

257-262

10.1016/0047-2352(91)90004-F

Abstract

Abstract

Incarcerated adolescents comprise a group at high risk of HIV infection because they engage in substantially more HIV-related sexual and drug behaviors than the general adolescent population. There is, however, little information on similarities and differences between adolescents incarcerated in high AIDS-prevalence geographic areas with those from low AIDS-prevalence areas. This study compared adolescents incarcerated in juvenile detention facilities in San Francisco (N = 113) and Alabama (N = 393) with respect to HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and risk behaviors. While findings indicated that the two groups' overall knowledge levels were relatively similar, adolescents in San Francisco reported a higher prevalence of risk behaviors. These findings are discussed in terms of the development and implementation of HIV prevention programs specifically targeted toward incarcerated youths and stressing adoption of realistic risk-reduction strategies.

HIV prevention for adolescents : Utility of the health belief model

DiClemente, R., Brown, L. K., DiClemente, R. J., & Reynolds, L. A. (n.d.).

Publication year

1991

Journal title

AIDS Education and Prevention

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

50-59

Abstract

Abstract

The Health Belief Model (HBM) has been applied to diverse sets of health behaviors. Research that suggests difficulties of the HBM in predicting future behaviors, especially HIV-related, is reviewed. Prominent features of adolescence that influence HIV-related risk behaviors are discussed including: cognitive immaturity, struggle for psychological autonomy, peer influences, and physical development. It is suggested that a model is needed to guide prevention efforts, and that these adolescent-specific factors need to be incorporated into any such model.

Predictors of HIV-preventive sexual behavior in a high-risk adolescent population : The influence of perceived peer norms and sexual communication on incarcerated adolescents' consistent use of condoms

DiClemente, R. (n.d.).

Publication year

1991

Journal title

Journal of Adolescent Health

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

385-390

10.1016/0197-0070(91)90052-N

Abstract

Abstract

Data were collected from 112 sexually active adolescents incarcerated in a juvenile detention facility to identify predictors of consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse. Adolescents completed an anonymous epidemiologic survey instrument developed by the Centers for Disease Control. The self-report survey assessed, demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors. Three factors were identified as associated with consistent condom use. These significant bivariate factors were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model to identify the independent contribution of each factor. Non-Black adolescents, adolescents who communicate with their sex partners about AIDS, and those who perceive peer norms as supporting condom use were significantly more likely to be consistent condom users. The findings suggest that Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention programs for incarcerated adolescents that emphasize training in communication skills and modifying perceptions off peer normative behavior may be more effective in increasing the adoption and maintenance of condom use.

Prevalence and correlates of cutting behavior : Risk for HIV transmission

DiClemente, R., Ponton, L. E., & Hartley, D. (n.d.).

Publication year

1991

Journal title

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

735-739

10.1016/S0890-8567(10)80007-3

Abstract

Abstract

The prevalence of cutting behavior among a population of 76 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents was found to be 61.2%. The frequency ranged from a single occasion to over 50 instances, with a mean of 9.9 occasions. Increased self-mutilation was not found to be associated with gender, age, ethnicity, or primary psychiatric diagnosis. A significant association was identified between adolescents who report forced sex and those who report cutting behavior. Approximately 26.7% of those reporting this behavior also report sharing cutting implements with other adolescents. This article raises concern about this behavior as it relates to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and makes recommendations for clinicians treating this population.

College students' knowledge and attitudes about AIDS and changes in HIV-preventive behaviors

DiClemente, R., DiClemente, R. J., Forrest, K. A., & Mickler, S. (n.d.).

Publication year

1990

Journal title

AIDS Education and Prevention

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

201-212

Abstract

Abstract

Data were collected from 1,127 students at geographically diverse universities and colleges in the United States to assess students' knowledge and attitudes about AIDS and self-reported changes in HIV-preventive behaviors. The findings indicate that while students demonstrate a high level of knowledge with respect to AIDS transmission they are also likely to possess many misconceptions about casual contact as a route of HIV transmission. HIV-related sexual risk-taking behavior was also substantial. A large proportion of students report never using condoms during sexual intercourse and having had multiple sexual partners during the year preceding the survey. A significant proportion of students report increasing health-protective behavior, although identification of the magnitude of these changes was not attained. Knowledge of AIDS transmission was not related to behavior change, although perceived risk of HIV infection was strongly associated with a self-reported increase in health-protective behaviors. The findings suggest that college students, while knowledgeable about AIDS and reporting marked behavioral changes, possess many misconceptions about casual contact and have a high prevalence of sexual risk-taking behaviors. The development of HIV prevention education programs for the college population is discussed.

The Emergence of Adolescents as a Risk Group for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

DiClemente, R. (n.d.).

Publication year

1990

Journal title

Journal of Adolescent Research

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

7-17

10.1177/074355489051003

Abstract

Abstract

Adolesceents have only recently been identified as a risk group for human immunodeficiencv, virus inifectioni. Limited data suggest that the prevalence of HIV infection among selected adolescent populatiotns is considerable. These data, however, are not generalizable because of the unrepresentative nature of the adolescent populations studied. Surrogate epidemiologic markers for projecting the potential spread of HIV in the adolescent populationi are idenitified. These markers include the prevalence of contraceptive behavior, rate of untinttetided pregnancy, and the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. Adolescetits kniowledge, attitudes, atid clanges in AIDS-preventive behavior are described. Psychosocial factors that may influence the adoption and maintenance of AIDS-prev entitie behav iors are identified and discussed. To increase the potentialfor developing the most effective HIV prevention programs, there is a need for greater understanding of the psxychosocial determinants motivating behavior change among adolescents.

Evaluation of School-based AIDS Education Curricula in San Francisco

DiClemente, R., Pies, C. A., Stoller, E. J., Straits, C., Olivia, G. E., Rutherford, G. W., & Haskin, J. (n.d.).

Publication year

1989

Journal title

The Journal of Sex Research

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

188-198

10.1080/00224498909551505

Abstract

Abstract

Students in 3 middle (n=385) and 3 high schools (n=254) in the San Francisco Unified School District participated in the evaluation of an AIDS education curriculum. Classes within-schools were designated as eitherintervention classes or nonintervention classes. Students in intervention classes received 3 class periods of AIDS instruction with a newly developed curriculum. Students in nonintervention classes did not receive any special AIDS instruction. All students completed a pretest and posttest AIDS knowledge and attitude survey. The results indicated that AIDS instruction classes demonstrated a significant knowl-edge-advantage, as well as change in attitudes {e.g., reflecting greater tolerance for attending class with students who may have AIDS or HIV infection).

Health promotion strategies for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection among minority adolescents

DiClemente, R., & Houston-Hamilton, A. (n.d.).

Publication year

1989

Journal title

Health Education

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

39-43

10.1080/00970050.1989.10622387

Abstract

Abstract

Prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection among adolescents : the interplay of health education and public policy in the development and implementation of school-based AIDS education programs.

DiClemente, R., & DiClemente, R. J. (n.d.).

Publication year

1989

Journal title

AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education

Volume

Issue

Page(s)

70-78

Abstract

Abstract

Ralph DiClemente